hypoxic paradox - vertaling naar russisch
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hypoxic paradox - vertaling naar russisch

THE THEOREM THAT, FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE AND INVISCID POTENTIAL FLOW, THE DRAG FORCE IS 0 ON A BODY MOVING WITH CONSTANT VELOCITY RELATIVE TO THE FLUID, IN CONTRADICTION TO REAL LIFE, WHERE VISCOSITY CAUSES SUBSTANTIAL DRAG, ESPECIALLY AT HIGH VELOCITIES
D'Alembert's Paradox; D'Alembert paradox; Hydrodynamic paradox; D'Alembert Paradox; D'Alemberts Paradox; D'Alemberts' Paradox; Dalembert's Paradox; Hydrodynamical paradox; Hydrodynamics paradox; D'alembert's Paradox
  • Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783)
  • Steady and separated incompressible potential flow around a plate in two dimensions,<ref>Batchelor (2000), p. 499, eq. (6.13.12).</ref> with a constant pressure along the two free streamlines separating from the plate edges.
  • wake]],<br>
•5: post-critical separated flow, with a turbulent boundary layer.
  • Pressure distribution for the flow around a circular cylinder. The dashed blue line is the pressure distribution according to [[potential flow]] theory, resulting in d'Alembert's paradox. The solid blue line is the mean pressure distribution as found in experiments at high [[Reynolds number]]s. The pressure is the radial distance from the cylinder surface; a positive pressure (overpressure) is inside the cylinder, towards the centre, while a negative pressure (underpressure) is drawn outside the cylinder.
  • circular]] cylinder in a uniform onflow.

hypoxic paradox      

медицина

гипоксический парадокс

voting paradox         
  • Notice that in Score voting, a voter's power is reduced in certain pairwise matchups relative to Condorcet. This guarantees that a cyclical social preference can never occur.
  • Voters (blue) and candidates (red) plotted in a 2-dimensional preference space. Each voter prefers a closer candidate over a farther. Arrows show the order in which voters prefer the candidates.
MARQUIS DE CONDORCET'S OBSERVATION REGARDING TIMES WHEN VOTERS' COLLECTIVE PREFERENCES ARE CYCLIC, EVEN WHEN VOTERS' INDIVIDUAL PREFERENCES ARE NOT
Condorcet's paradox; Preference cycling; Condorcet voting paradox; Voting paradoxes; Condorcet's voting paradox; Condorcet axiom; Voting paradox; Condorcet cycle

математика

парадокс при голосовании

liar paradox         
STATEMENT OF A LIAR WHO STATES THAT THEY ARE LYING: FOR INSTANCE, DECLARING THAT "I AM LYING" OR "EVERYTHING I SAY IS FALSE"
Liar's paradox; Liar Paradox; Eubulides' paradox; This statement is false; This sentence is false; I am lying; Liar's Paradox; Lair Paradox; Pseudomenon; Liar logic; Liar Logic; The liar paradox; Epimenides sentence; Liar's parado; Liar’s paradox; Eublides paradox; Antinomy of the liar

математика

парадокс лжеца

Definitie

liar paradox
<philosophy> A sentence which asserts its own falsity, e.g. "This sentence is false" or "I am lying". These paradoxical assertions are meaningless in the sense that there is nothing in the world which could serve to either support or refute them. Philosophers, of course, have a great deal more to say on the subject. ["The Liar: an Essay on Truth and Circularity", Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy, Oxford University Press (1987). ISBN 0-19-505944-1 (PBK), Library of Congress BC199.P2B37]. (1995-02-22)

Wikipedia

D'Alembert's paradox

In fluid dynamics, d'Alembert's paradox (or the hydrodynamic paradox) is a contradiction reached in 1752 by French mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert. D'Alembert proved that – for incompressible and inviscid potential flow – the drag force is zero on a body moving with constant velocity relative to the fluid. Zero drag is in direct contradiction to the observation of substantial drag on bodies moving relative to fluids, such as air and water; especially at high velocities corresponding with high Reynolds numbers. It is a particular example of the reversibility paradox.

D’Alembert, working on a 1749 Prize Problem of the Berlin Academy on flow drag, concluded: "It seems to me that the theory (potential flow), developed in all possible rigor, gives, at least in several cases, a strictly vanishing resistance, a singular paradox which I leave to future Geometers [i.e. mathematicians - the two terms were used interchangeably at that time] to elucidate". A physical paradox indicates flaws in the theory.

Fluid mechanics was thus discredited by engineers from the start, which resulted in an unfortunate split – between the field of hydraulics, observing phenomena which could not be explained, and theoretical fluid mechanics explaining phenomena which could not be observed – in the words of the Chemistry Nobel Laureate Sir Cyril Hinshelwood.

According to scientific consensus, the occurrence of the paradox is due to the neglected effects of viscosity. In conjunction with scientific experiments, there were huge advances in the theory of viscous fluid friction during the 19th century. With respect to the paradox, this culminated in the discovery and description of thin boundary layers by Ludwig Prandtl in 1904. Even at very high Reynolds numbers, the thin boundary layers remain as a result of viscous forces. These viscous forces cause friction drag on streamlined objects, and for bluff bodies the additional result is flow separation and a low-pressure wake behind the object, leading to form drag.

The general view in the fluid mechanics community is that, from a practical point of view, the paradox is solved along the lines suggested by Prandtl. A formal mathematical proof is lacking, and difficult to provide, as in so many other fluid-flow problems involving the Navier–Stokes equations (which are used to describe viscous flow).

Vertaling van &#39hypoxic paradox&#39 naar Russisch